Hormones

• Stimualtes follicular development, Oestrus and ovulation by enhancing release of FSH and LH
• GnRH analogues - 20 times more potent than GnRH

Cattle:

• For the treatment of infertility linked to follicular cysts.
• For the improvement of pregnancy rate, following injection at the time of AI or during the luteal phase following AI.
• For the synchronisation of oestrus and ovulation (allowing fixed time AI) in conjunction with prostaglandin F2α or progestagen administration.

Mare:

• For ovulation induction, when a mature follicle is present, thereby synchronizing ovulation more closely with mating in mares.
• For the improvement of conception rate after administration during the late luteal phase following mating or AI.

Rabbit:

• Induction of ovulation in rabbit does.
• Improvement of conception rate.

Cattle:

• For the treatment of follicular cysts with or without symptoms of nymphomania 20 µg (equivalent to 5 ml solution for injection).
• For improvement of conception rate: 10 µg (2.5 ml) / animal.
• For synchronization of oestrus and ovulation before fixed time AI: 10 µg (2.5ml) / animal.

Mare:

• For ovulation induction: 40 µg (10 ml) / animal.
• For improvement of conception rate: 40 µg (10 ml) / animal.

Rabbit:

• Improvement of conception rate: 0.8 µg (0.2 ml) / animal.
• Ovulation induction post partum: 0.8 µg (0.2 ml) / animal.

The preferred route of administration is intramuscular injection (im), but Receptal may also be injected intravenously (iv) or subcutaneously (sc).

In swine

Continuous use decreased in LH and FSH

Marked reduction of testicular and ovarian steriodogenesis

Inj Gynarich 2.5ml, 5ml, 10 ml Vial (4mcg/ml) (INTAS)

Inj Receptal 10 ml vial (0.004mg/ml)

Inj Pregulate 5ml vial ( 0.004mg/ml) (VIRBAC)

Inj Zydarelin 2.5ml, 5ml, 10 ml vial

Sedative and general anaesthesia

Alpha-2, adrenal receptor agonist with sedative, analgesics and muscle relaxants

Sedative, analgesic, muscle relaxant, emesis

Sedative 

cat & dog @ 1mg/kg IV and 1-3mg/kg IM SC

cattle @ 0.05-0.3mg/kg IM and 0.03-0.1 mg/kg IV

horse @ 0.6-1mg/kg IV and  2.2-3mg /kg IM

sheep & goat @ 0.05-0.1 mg/kg IV and 0.1-0.2mg/kg IM

General dose

Cat @ 0.5-1mg/kg IV and 1-2mg/kg IM

Horse @ 0.1-1.1mg/kg IV IM

dog @ 0.5-1mg/kg IV and 1-2mg/kg IM

cattle @ 0.03-0.1mg/kg IV IM

goat @ 0.05-0.5mg/kg IV IM

Emesis

Cat @ 0.6mg/kg

dog @ 0.5mg/kg

In pregnant animals because it induced uterine contraction

In diabetic patient it induce emesis and reduce cough reflecx

Inj Xylazine 2ml, 10ml and 30ml (20mg/ml)

Inj xylodac 2ml, 10ml

Inj xylaxin 30ml (2%solution)

Inj xylo B 10 ml

General anaesthesia

Muscle relaxation

Dose dependent

Vasodilation of cerebral vasculature

Opiod agonist,

Benzodiazepines and 

Nitrous oxide reduce the concentration of sevoflurane

For induction in Dog and Cat 8%

For maintanence Dog and Cat 3-6%

Reptiles 3-5% both in 100% oxygen

Cross placental barrier and affect delivery by Caserian section

Malignant hyperthermia

High concentration produce dose related cardio pulmonary depressant, Hypotension, Apnoea

Inhalation liquids

Sevotroy 50 50ml

Sevotroy 250 250ml

Sevorane 250ml

Inhalant anaesthesia

• Uncertain
• Interferes with functioning  of nerve cells in brain produce generalized, reversible depression of CNS

Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia

Small animals

• Induction:5%
• Maintenance:1.5-2.5%

• Patients with predilection towards malignant hypertension
• Use caution in patients with high CSF, head surgery, myasthenia gravis
• Irritant to respiratory system

• Hypotension
• Dose dependent respiratory depression
• Cardiodepression
• GI disturbance

Gen. Anesthetic

2,6 diisopropylphenol, mechanism not fully known, evidence suggests that it acts through potentiation of GABA receptor activity, thereby Cl channel closing time slow down

Induction or maintenance of anasthesia using continuous or intermediate rate infusion

Without premedication

Dog/cat- 6mg/kg

Small animal- 4 mg/kg 

Pig- 2. 5 mg/kg

With premedication

Dog and cat- 2.5-5mg/kg IV

Maintenance

Dog/cat- 2.5-5 mg/kg IV

For sedation/ seizure-

Dog/cat- 0.1-0.2mg/kg Iv

Hypersensitivity, hepatic and renal diseases, hypervolumic patients, impaired left ventricular atrium 

Dizziness, blurred vission

Propovon

• 1o ml, 20ml vial
• Each ml contains 10 mg

Troypofol

• 20 ml vial (1% w/v)

General anaesthetic and sedative. 

• Dissociation agent- causes profound analgesia, immobility, amnesia.
• Primarily act on the cortex.
• Inhibit glutamate receptor and NMDA receptors. 

• Visceral and somatic analgesia
• Increased muscle tone
• Chemical restraint

Without premedication

Cat @ 11-33 mg/kg IV / SC / IM

With premedication

• Cat @ 22mg/kg IM
• Dog @ 5-10mg/kg IM
• Cattle/horse/sheep/swine/goat @ 2mg/kg IV and 10mg/kg IM 
• Primates @ 2-4 mg/kg IV and 10-15 mg/kg IM

For restraint

• Cat @ 11mg/kg IM

• Epilepsy, renal and hepatic injury, hypertension, unstable angina, increased intracranial Or intraocular pressure, heart failure. 
• Corneal drying due to open eyes - bland ophthalmic ointment in eyes. 
• Combination with alpha-2 against  - may lead to vomition in some cases. 

• Ketamine should not be used in animals with hypertension, heart disease, liver disease, kidney disease, seizures  and hypersensitivity to drugs. 
• Ketamine doesn't relax the muscles at the back of the throat, so it should be avoid in procedure involving the pharynx, larynx and trachea. 

inj ketamin (THEMIS MEDICALS)

• 5 ml vials
• 50 mg/ml

Inj. Aneket

• 10ml vial
• (500mg/10ml) 

Inj. Zokent-2

• 2ml Amp
• (100mg/2ml) 

Inj. Zokent-10

• 10ml Amp
• (500mg/10ml) 

Inj. Ketaset

• 10ml vial
• (1000mg/10ml) 

Inj. Vetaket

• 10ml vial
• (1000mg/10ml) 

General anaesthesia,  Pre anaesthetic (Benzodiazepine), Tranquilizers,sedative.

Increasing the effect of GABA on its receptor.

Sedation, Amnesia, seizure, pre anaesthetic induction. 

Dog

Seizure - 0.2 to 0.3 mg / kg (IV)

Pre anaesthetic- 0.2 to 0.4 mg / kg (IV).

Induction- 0.1 to 0.2 mg /kg (IV).

Sedation- 0.1 to 0.4mg /kg (IV, IM, SC)

0.2 to 1 mg/kg( Intra nasal).

Cat

Induction- 0.3 to 0.6 mg/kg (IV with ketamine)

Sedation - O.1 to 0.4 mg /kg ( IV,IM,SC)

Horse 

Pre anaesthetic- 11 to 44 mcg per kg IV

Induction-0.1 mg/kg IV

Sedation- 0.5 -0.2 mg / kg IV

Birds

Pre anaesthetic- 0.1 to 0.5 mg /kg (IM)

Pig

Induction-0.5 mg per kg with ketamine  IV.

Cattle 

Induction-0.1 mg/kg IV

Sedation-0.1 to 1 mg per kg IV.

Myasthenia Gravis in neonates.

Avoid in myasthenia gravis

Inj:

Benzosed 5ml,10ml(1mg/ml).

Midez-5ml ,10ml(1mg/ml,5mg/ml).

General anesthesia, Sedative

Short acting barbiturate acts by potentiating GAB and inhibits chloride channel opening 

Anesthetic, emergency control of seizure, euthanasia

General Anaesthesia

Dog and cats -25 -30 mg /kg I/v

Swine and calves-  15-30 mg /kg I/v

Sheep and goat -20-30mg/kg I/v

For stature epileptices

Dog and cat 5-15 mg/kg body

Hypnotic and anxiolytic- 2-20 mg /kg I/v

Euthanasia - 120-200 mg/kg I/v

Hypovolumia, anemic, cardiac and respiratory disease, not recommended for caesarian section

Bradycardia, confusion, dizziness, low blood pressure

Injection- Euthasol-100 ml (Euthanesia) 

General anaesthesia

Suppression of reticular activation in system of brain stem

Induction of anaesthesia piror to inhalation maintenance

Without premedication        cat & Dog - 20 to 30 mg /kg IV ,  Cattle & Horse - 8-15 mg/Kg, pig - 10 to 20 mg/kg, sheep & Goat -20 to 25 mg /kg  IV

With premedication                Dog & cat - 8 to 12 mg/kg IV, Cattle & Horse - 5.5 mg/Kg IV

Hypersensitivity, Ischemic necrosis, arteriospasm, Shock

Coughing, Sneezing, Slow breathing, cardiac arrthymia, Shivering

THIOSOL 500 mg, 1g            THIOPEN 500 mg, 1g            THIOTONE 500 mg, 1g

Hormones

Secreted from the endometrial cups of pregnant mare in early pregnancy by developing and ovulating follicles to maintain primary corpus luteum

Stimulate ovarian follicle growth in anoestrous sheep, goat and cattle, to induce superovulation of downer cow in embryo transfer, mating synchronization

Cattle-1500-3000 IU , result in 3-5 days if needed repeat after 16-14 days

N/A

Ovarian hyper stimulation syndrome

Folligon PMSG

• One box contains 5 vials (1000 IU each) with 5 vials of solvent for reconstitution
• Each vial contains Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin (PMSG) as a white freeze dried crystalline powder (1000 I.U.)